The circularity of product-service systems: the role of macro-, meso- and micro-level contextual factors

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationships between macro-, meso- and micro-level contextual factors that enable or inhibit contribution of product service systems (PSS) circularity. It is informed by natural resource-based view (NRBV) multi-level perspective as theoretical lenses. Design/methodology/approach A theory elaboration approach used through three in-depth case studies UK German manufacturers. Case provide use- result-oriented PSS for personal computers, power tools wind turbines. Multiple sources evidence, including 20 semi-structured interviews, company documents quantitative data, are triangulated improve validity results. Findings Empirical evidence show significant barriers extending cycling resource loops, primarily maintenance, repairs refurbishment. firm’s environmental awareness has a determining role in The from two use-oriented reveals different circularity maturity levels. Originality/value research makes key contributions. Firstly, it elaborates on NRBV showing determines stewardship. type stewardship practices depends enabling inhibiting effects macro- meso-level factors. Secondly, shows have profiles proposes Finally, provides an empirically validated framework enablers how they interact PSS.